作为美国最好的公立大学之一，

伯克利的教育水平、学术水准就不用赘述，

今天主要分享的是UCB的Amber Carini老师

总结出的《提高学术写作风格的9种基本方法》！

全文用《灰姑娘》的经典童话作为例子，

非常通俗易懂，深入浅出，

帮助大家在学术论文写作时，

能够更加积极、清晰、简洁！

有主语的时候不要用被动句，比如下面不该用什么: “继母的房子被灰姑娘打扫过了。”(被动语态)，而应该用：“灰姑娘打扫了继母的房子。”(主动语态。)

✘"The stepmother's house was cleaned by Cinderella." (Passive.)

✔Say instead: "Cinderella cleaned the stepmother's house." (Active voice.)

被动语态结构(“ was cleaned”)仅仅用在行为的“实施者”未知的场合。

比如： "Prince Charming saw the glass slipper that was left behind."（“白马王子看到了遗留下来的水晶鞋。”）

你真的会用标点符号吗？很多时候，标点符号也是文义的一部分，用不对会造成句子逻辑混乱，甚至是文章含义被误读。

以下是一些常被误用的标点符号:

分号（；）——分隔两个互补的完整句子。

比如：“她总是因为清扫壁炉而被灰烬覆盖；人们叫她灰姑娘。”"She was always covered in cinders from cleaning the fireplace; they called her Cinderella."

冒号(:)——通常有两种用法：

ａ．在清单前面的冒号：

例如：“在她的继母醒来之前，灰姑娘有三件事要做: 喂鸡，做早餐，洗衣服。”"Before her stepmother awoke, Cinderella had three chores to complete: feeding the chickens, cooking breakfast, and doing the wash."

ｂ．作为一种“强调”在大揭露之前。

例如， “有一件事加剧了邪恶的继母对灰姑娘的仇恨: 嫉妒。” "One thing fueled the wicked stepmother's hatred for Cinderella: jealousy." 


破折号(——)——通常也有两种用法：

ａ．单独展示一些解释性的信息。

例如: “即使是灰姑娘的继姐妹——她们并不像灰姑娘那样可爱和善良——也被允许参加舞会。” "Even Cinderella's stepsisters-who were not nearly as lovely or virtuous as Cinderella--were allowed to go to the ball."

ｂ．表示补充强调

例如: “白马王子会找到这位神秘的女士——即使他不得不给王国里的其他女孩穿上这只水晶鞋。”"Prince Charming would find this mystery lady--even if he had to put the slipper on every other girl in the kingdom." 

尝试体会下面两种表述，感受其中的不同之处：

✘ "Cinderella saw her fairy godmother appear. She was dressed in blue. She held a wand. The wand had a star on it. She was covered in sparkles. Cinderella was amazed. She asked who the woman was. The woman said, 'I am your fairy godmother.' She said she would get Cinderella a dress and a coach. She said she would help Cinderella go to the ball."（灰姑娘看到了她的仙女教母。她穿着蓝色的衣服。她拿着一根魔杖。魔杖上有一颗星星。她浑身闪闪发光。灰姑娘大吃一惊。她问那个女人是谁。女人说，‘我是你的仙女教母。她说她会给灰姑娘买一条裙子和一辆马车。她说她会帮助灰姑娘去参加舞会。）

✔ (当然正确的写法不止这一种) "Amazed, Cinderella watched as her fairy godmother appeared. The woman dressed in blue was covered in sparkles and carried a star-shaped wand. Cinderella asked the woman who she was, to which the woman replied, 'I am your fairy godmother." The fairy godmother would get Cinderella a dress and a coach; she would help Cinderella get to the ball."（很惊讶，灰姑娘看着她的仙女教母出现。身穿蓝色衣服的女人浑身闪闪发光，手里拿着一根星形的魔杖。灰姑娘问那个女人她是谁，那个女人回答说: “我是你的仙女教母。”仙女教母会给灰姑娘买一条裙子和一辆马车，她会帮助灰姑娘去参加舞会。）

✘"She scrubbed the floors. They were dirty. She used a mop. She sighed sadly. It was as if she were a servant ."“她擦地板。他们很脏。她用拖把。她悲伤地叹了口气。就好像她是一个仆人。”

✔ (再说一遍，这不是标准答案)“她用拖把擦地板，就好像她是一个仆人。她悲伤地叹了口气。” "She scrubbed the dirty floors using a mop, as if she were a servant. She sighed sadly."

很多人会在同一句话反复使用相近词，显得很啰嗦。

✘"The stepsisters were jealous and envious ."“继姐妹们羡慕又嫉妒。”

✔ "The stepsisters were jealous ." (...or envious. Pick one.)“姐姐们嫉妒了。”

✘"The mystery lady was one who every eligible man at the ball admired."

不该说什么: “这位神秘的女士是每个参加舞会的合格男士都羡慕的对象。”

✔"Every eligible man at the ball admired the mystery lady."

而是说: “每个参加舞会的合格男人都羡慕这位神秘的女士。”

不要总是觉得你必须使用大词。与其炫耀你不确定的华而不实的词汇，还不如用简单明了的语言表达。

然而，这并不是说你应该满足于非常“幼儿园大班”的词汇选择(比如“ bad”、“ big”或“ mad”)。

阅读时，遇到你不认识的单词，及时去查词典把意思弄清楚，学习每一种用法，不要嫌麻烦，平时要多积累。这样才能在适当的时候，把它们融入到你的写作中。

✘"Cinderella was mellow and good. She never let her stepmother get to her ."

不该说什么: “灰姑娘成熟而善良。她从不让她的继母接近她。”

✔"Cinderella was mild-mannered and kind. She never let her stepmother affect her high spirits ."

应该说: “灰姑娘温柔善良。她从不让她的继母影响她高昂的情绪。”

运用好这些方法，可以给学术写作增色不少哦~看一遍没记住的同学可以收藏慢慢看~