美酒,是水中凝结的阳光。——天文学家伽利略(Galileo Galilei)只是很多人不懂欣赏。想欣赏欧洲古老的葡萄酒的历史?从希腊开始,不要错过#PGI熙瑟尼尔# #PDO麦尔顿山坡# 这两个著名的葡萄酒产区。#嗨夏吃货节#
GR Είναι ώρα για κρασί. Σήμερα και κάθε μέρα. Συνοδεύει ιδανικά κάθε στιγμή της ζωής σας.
GB It’s wine time. Not only today, but for each and every day. It ideally combines every moment of your life and transforms it into a unique one.
GR Είναι ώρα για κρασί. Σήμερα και κάθε μέρα. Συνοδεύει ιδανικά κάθε στιγμή της ζωής σας.
GB It’s wine time. Not only today, but for each and every day. It ideally combines every moment of your life and transforms it into a unique one.
喝到一杯美酒就像撞见一位美女小姐姐一样,时间都停止了,只想再看她多一眼。希腊#PDO麦尔顿山坡# 产区葡萄酒也会让你有这样的赶脚。#冒个泡# #寻美深圳#
GR Απολαμβάνοντας ένα ποτήρι λευκό κρασί Π.Ο.Π. Πλαγιές Μελίτωνα, ο χρόνος σταματά.
GB When it comes to enjoying a glass of P.D.O. Slopes of Meliton white wine, time stops.
GR Απολαμβάνοντας ένα ποτήρι λευκό κρασί Π.Ο.Π. Πλαγιές Μελίτωνα, ο χρόνος σταματά.
GB When it comes to enjoying a glass of P.D.O. Slopes of Meliton white wine, time stops.
(It's nerd time!)
I am fond of the ancient Zhou 周 civilization and its writing system. It feels fascinating to read and understand what people from nearly 3000 years ago left to these days on the bronze artifacts.
However, it is difficult since you need to understand not only the archaic large seal script 大篆 but also the obsolete grammar and vocabulary of pre-classical Chinese. Also, because of the limited number of characters, many sound loan characters (通假字) were used which further increases the difficulty. Often, you cannot understand this sound loan phenomenon, which is not obvious in any modern Chinese variety, without a knowledge of the sounds of Old Chinese. In other words, the sound loan characters would make much more sense if you read them in Old Chinese (reconstructed by linguists, of course).
Below is the inscription on a cauldron called 頌鼎 (created by a person named Song 頌 during the reign of King Xuan of Zhou 周宣王 at the end of Western Zhou era, 8th century BC), from which I made a list of 通假字 and their sound connection in Old Chinese. The author used many sound loans which are very different from the point of view of modern languages, such as 即立 instead of 即位, 令女 instead of 命汝, 易 instead of 賜, 入 instead of 納, etc...
隹(唯)三年五月既死霸(魄)甲戌,王 才(在)周康卲宮。
旦,王 各(格)大室,即 立(位)。
宰引 右(佑)頌入門,立中廷。
尹氏 受(授)王 令(命)書,王 乎(呼)史虢生冊 令(命)頌。
王曰:頌,令(命)女(汝)官 (司)成周 賈 (貯?) 廿家,監 (司)新(造),賈 (貯?) 用宮御。易(賜)女(汝)玄衣黹 屯(純)、赤巿、朱 黃(衡)、䜌(鑾)旂、攸(鋚)勒,用事。
頌拜 䭫(稽)首。受 令(命)冊,佩(以)出,反入堇章(返納瑾璋)。
頌敢對(揚)天子 不(丕)顯魯休,用 乍(作)朕皇考 龏(龔)弔(叔)、皇母 龏(龔)始(姒)寶(尊)鼎。用追孝,(祈)匃(丐)康 (娛)、屯右(純祐)、通 彔(祿)、永 令(命)。頌(其)萬年(眉)壽,㽙(畯)臣天子,霝冬(靈終),子子孫孫寶用。
- Sound loan characters:
1. 隹 *ɢʷij(唯 *ɢʷij)
2. 才 *dzˤə(在 *dzˤəʔ)
3. 各 *kˤak(格 *kˤrak)
4. 立 *k.rəp(位 *ɢʷrəp-s)
5. 右 *ɢʷəʔ(佑 *ɢʷəʔ-s)
6. 受 *duʔ(授 *duʔ-s)
7. 令 *riŋ-s(命 *m-riŋ-s)
8. 乎 *ɢˤa(呼 *qʰˤa)
9. 女 *nraʔ(汝 *naʔ)
10. 易 *lek(賜 *s-lek-s)
11. 屯 *dˤun(純 *dun)
12. 黃 *N-kʷˤaŋ(衡 *gˤraŋ)
13. 䜌 *mə.rˤon(鑾 *mə.rˤon)
14. 攸 *liw(鋚 *lˤiw)
15. 反 *Cə.panʔ(返 *Cə.panʔ)
16. 入 *nup(納 *nˤup)
17. 堇 *grər(瑾 *grər-s)
18. 章 *taŋ(璋 *taŋ)
19. 不 *pə(丕 *pʰrə)
20. 乍 *dzˤrak-s(作 *tsˤak)
21. 弔 *tˤiwk(叔 *s-tiwk)
22. 始 *l̥əʔ(姒 *sə.ləʔ)
23. 彔 *pə.rˤok(祿 *rˤok)
24. 霝 *rˤeŋ(靈 *rˤeŋ)
25. 冬 *tˤuŋ(終 *tuŋ)
I am fond of the ancient Zhou 周 civilization and its writing system. It feels fascinating to read and understand what people from nearly 3000 years ago left to these days on the bronze artifacts.
However, it is difficult since you need to understand not only the archaic large seal script 大篆 but also the obsolete grammar and vocabulary of pre-classical Chinese. Also, because of the limited number of characters, many sound loan characters (通假字) were used which further increases the difficulty. Often, you cannot understand this sound loan phenomenon, which is not obvious in any modern Chinese variety, without a knowledge of the sounds of Old Chinese. In other words, the sound loan characters would make much more sense if you read them in Old Chinese (reconstructed by linguists, of course).
Below is the inscription on a cauldron called 頌鼎 (created by a person named Song 頌 during the reign of King Xuan of Zhou 周宣王 at the end of Western Zhou era, 8th century BC), from which I made a list of 通假字 and their sound connection in Old Chinese. The author used many sound loans which are very different from the point of view of modern languages, such as 即立 instead of 即位, 令女 instead of 命汝, 易 instead of 賜, 入 instead of 納, etc...
隹(唯)三年五月既死霸(魄)甲戌,王 才(在)周康卲宮。
旦,王 各(格)大室,即 立(位)。
宰引 右(佑)頌入門,立中廷。
尹氏 受(授)王 令(命)書,王 乎(呼)史虢生冊 令(命)頌。
王曰:頌,令(命)女(汝)官 (司)成周 賈 (貯?) 廿家,監 (司)新(造),賈 (貯?) 用宮御。易(賜)女(汝)玄衣黹 屯(純)、赤巿、朱 黃(衡)、䜌(鑾)旂、攸(鋚)勒,用事。
頌拜 䭫(稽)首。受 令(命)冊,佩(以)出,反入堇章(返納瑾璋)。
頌敢對(揚)天子 不(丕)顯魯休,用 乍(作)朕皇考 龏(龔)弔(叔)、皇母 龏(龔)始(姒)寶(尊)鼎。用追孝,(祈)匃(丐)康 (娛)、屯右(純祐)、通 彔(祿)、永 令(命)。頌(其)萬年(眉)壽,㽙(畯)臣天子,霝冬(靈終),子子孫孫寶用。
- Sound loan characters:
1. 隹 *ɢʷij(唯 *ɢʷij)
2. 才 *dzˤə(在 *dzˤəʔ)
3. 各 *kˤak(格 *kˤrak)
4. 立 *k.rəp(位 *ɢʷrəp-s)
5. 右 *ɢʷəʔ(佑 *ɢʷəʔ-s)
6. 受 *duʔ(授 *duʔ-s)
7. 令 *riŋ-s(命 *m-riŋ-s)
8. 乎 *ɢˤa(呼 *qʰˤa)
9. 女 *nraʔ(汝 *naʔ)
10. 易 *lek(賜 *s-lek-s)
11. 屯 *dˤun(純 *dun)
12. 黃 *N-kʷˤaŋ(衡 *gˤraŋ)
13. 䜌 *mə.rˤon(鑾 *mə.rˤon)
14. 攸 *liw(鋚 *lˤiw)
15. 反 *Cə.panʔ(返 *Cə.panʔ)
16. 入 *nup(納 *nˤup)
17. 堇 *grər(瑾 *grər-s)
18. 章 *taŋ(璋 *taŋ)
19. 不 *pə(丕 *pʰrə)
20. 乍 *dzˤrak-s(作 *tsˤak)
21. 弔 *tˤiwk(叔 *s-tiwk)
22. 始 *l̥əʔ(姒 *sə.ləʔ)
23. 彔 *pə.rˤok(祿 *rˤok)
24. 霝 *rˤeŋ(靈 *rˤeŋ)
25. 冬 *tˤuŋ(終 *tuŋ)
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