[水稻]【#考研英语#每日一练】长难句解析(63)
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
一、寻标志,断长句----断句标志:逗号;从属连词that;
1. Davison’s article is one of a number of pieces
2. That have recently appeared making the point
3. That the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession
4. But it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution
5. Which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers
二、抓住干,识修饰
1. 主干:Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces
2. 修饰:
(1) that have recently appeared making the point,定从
(2) that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution,作同位语从句
a. 此同位语从句主干:the reason is largely because of the big drop, but it is also because of the advances
b. 此同位语从句中的修饰:
we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today,作定语从句
In demand 作后置定语;because of the Great recession作原因状语;in both globalization and the information technology revolution作后置定语
(3) Which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers,作定语从句
三、调语序,定句意
1. Davison’s article is one of a number of pieces ,主系表结构顺译
译文:戴维森的文章是众多文章之一
2. That have recently appeared making the point,主谓宾结构顺译
译文:最近开始做出这一观点
3. That the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession.
解析:the reason后面定语从句we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today 省略从属连词that,翻译的时候定语从句调到修饰的名词reason前面
译文:我们有如此居高不下的失业率和今天中产阶级收入下降的原因很大程度是因为大萧条导致的需求下降
4. But it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution,主系表结构顺译
解析:in both globalization and the information technology revolution作后置定语修饰advances,翻译的时候提到修饰的名词advances前面
译文:但也因为全球化和信息技术的进步
5. Which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers,主谓宾结构顺译
解析: with machines or foreign workers作方式状语,翻译到谓语动词前面
more rapidly than ever,做状语表程度,翻译到谓语动词前
译文:它凭借机器以及外国劳工以比以往更快的速度取代劳动力
四、依逻辑,组整句
1. Davison’s article is one of a number of pieces
2. That have recently appeared making the point
3. That the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession
4. But it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution
5. Which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers
解析:句1主系表结构顺译;句2作定语从句修饰pieces,翻译到pieces前面;句3作同位语从句修饰point,顺译并把加上“这一观点即”;句4是同位语从句中表语的一部分,顺译;句5作定语从句修饰advances,因为太长采用顺译方法,同时重复修饰的名词advances。
译文:戴维森的文章是众多最近开始做出这一观点的文章之一,这一观点即我们有如此居高不下的失业率和今天中产阶级收入下降的原因很大程度是因为大萧条导致的需求下降,但也因为全球化和信息技术的进步。这些进步凭借机器以及外国劳工以比以往更快的速度取代劳动力。
往期长难句:https://t.cn/A6fAcQrJ
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
一、寻标志,断长句----断句标志:逗号;从属连词that;
1. Davison’s article is one of a number of pieces
2. That have recently appeared making the point
3. That the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession
4. But it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution
5. Which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers
二、抓住干,识修饰
1. 主干:Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces
2. 修饰:
(1) that have recently appeared making the point,定从
(2) that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution,作同位语从句
a. 此同位语从句主干:the reason is largely because of the big drop, but it is also because of the advances
b. 此同位语从句中的修饰:
we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today,作定语从句
In demand 作后置定语;because of the Great recession作原因状语;in both globalization and the information technology revolution作后置定语
(3) Which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers,作定语从句
三、调语序,定句意
1. Davison’s article is one of a number of pieces ,主系表结构顺译
译文:戴维森的文章是众多文章之一
2. That have recently appeared making the point,主谓宾结构顺译
译文:最近开始做出这一观点
3. That the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession.
解析:the reason后面定语从句we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today 省略从属连词that,翻译的时候定语从句调到修饰的名词reason前面
译文:我们有如此居高不下的失业率和今天中产阶级收入下降的原因很大程度是因为大萧条导致的需求下降
4. But it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution,主系表结构顺译
解析:in both globalization and the information technology revolution作后置定语修饰advances,翻译的时候提到修饰的名词advances前面
译文:但也因为全球化和信息技术的进步
5. Which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers,主谓宾结构顺译
解析: with machines or foreign workers作方式状语,翻译到谓语动词前面
more rapidly than ever,做状语表程度,翻译到谓语动词前
译文:它凭借机器以及外国劳工以比以往更快的速度取代劳动力
四、依逻辑,组整句
1. Davison’s article is one of a number of pieces
2. That have recently appeared making the point
3. That the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession
4. But it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution
5. Which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers
解析:句1主系表结构顺译;句2作定语从句修饰pieces,翻译到pieces前面;句3作同位语从句修饰point,顺译并把加上“这一观点即”;句4是同位语从句中表语的一部分,顺译;句5作定语从句修饰advances,因为太长采用顺译方法,同时重复修饰的名词advances。
译文:戴维森的文章是众多最近开始做出这一观点的文章之一,这一观点即我们有如此居高不下的失业率和今天中产阶级收入下降的原因很大程度是因为大萧条导致的需求下降,但也因为全球化和信息技术的进步。这些进步凭借机器以及外国劳工以比以往更快的速度取代劳动力。
往期长难句:https://t.cn/A6fAcQrJ
国家开放大学本科文凭有用吗?
有一句话叫做存在即合理,国家开放大学的文凭也是如此,虽然它免试入学让不少考生开始怀疑它的含金量,但是,它也是属于学信网可查,国家认可的正规学历。
本科文凭还可申请学位证,用于考证、#考研# 、考公务员#公务员考试#
2021年3月的国开春季班注册正在招生中ing
依旧是免试入学,形考全托,红色部分专业仅配合一次笔试。
有一句话叫做存在即合理,国家开放大学的文凭也是如此,虽然它免试入学让不少考生开始怀疑它的含金量,但是,它也是属于学信网可查,国家认可的正规学历。
本科文凭还可申请学位证,用于考证、#考研# 、考公务员#公务员考试#
2021年3月的国开春季班注册正在招生中ing
依旧是免试入学,形考全托,红色部分专业仅配合一次笔试。
#刘忠保2021医学考研[超话]# 肾小管和集合管的东西6⃣️
可以思考一下,我们永远面对的是肾血流量变少的问题,高血压肾血流量变少,肾灌注↓原尿↓没有滤过导致致密斑兴奋→激动球旁器、肾素、RAS、醛固酮(保钠保水排钾)。站一会儿,打个架-应急,血浆重新分配。体会,越血液重新分配,肾脏越没有血,就越激动RAS,本来是好事,但一个病人心衰了(淤血),将血憋在肺里打不出去,肾脏血流少,激动RAS→更淤血。总结:心衰患者血容量大(充血性心衰),心衰时肾脏血少——心肾综合征。
急性肾炎通过球旁器激动RAS只是一个错觉,实际上全身有血,只是没有灌进肾脏,它以为血不够。最好的治疗增加肾循环——透析治疗
✔️急性肾炎-大红肾,膜性肾病-大白肾
一.转运的途径:
跨细胞途径——主动;细胞旁途径——被动。
二.重吸收与分泌
1⃣️近端小管-等渗液,重吸收的主要部位。
✔️全部的Glu、70%的水和Nacl、80%Hco3。可以想象如果下面的髓袢看见了糖,那么终末尿就会有糖。糖百分之百在近端小管被重吸收!
✔️定比吸收(球-管平衡永远重吸收原尿的70%
定比重:水盐同步——等渗液!
肾小管坏死肾性肾衰——低渗高Na尿(小米粥)
正常尿液———————八宝粥
如果血液中有多量超过小管极限值的蛋白尿,终尿也可见。所谓的溢出性蛋白尿,超过了肾小管的重吸收值。
✔️关于Na的重吸收:
近端小管前半段:Na-H交换、Na-糖、Na氨基酸同向转运体。Na-H交换使Hco3被重吸收,而CL不被重吸收。
近端小管后半段:Na-H交换体和CL-HCo3交换体,Hco3可以以Co2的形式重新进入细胞——Cl总是落后于Hco3。
⚠️2个Na主动转运在近端小管,1个Na被动在髓袢降支细段,Cl被动转运-细胞旁途径。细胞内glu、氨基酸经载体易化扩散离开上皮细胞。
利尿剂:碳酸酐酶抑制剂-乙酰唑胺,通过抑制Na-H交换,不能分泌H,使Hco3吸收↓——碱化尿液;不能分泌H,抑制钠氢交换,小管液Na多,渗透压高,减少水的重吸收——利尿作用。
✔️关于Hco3的重吸收
以Co2形式重吸收。Na-H交换→H进入小管液→H与Hco3结合→H2co3→Co2和水(单纯扩散进入上皮细胞)→细胞内,在碳酸酐酶的催化下又形成H2co3。
⚠️补充:碳酸酐酶:
1.呼吸系统cl转移,co2以hco3形式在血红蛋白运输由碳酸酐酶在细胞内产生hco3和cl。
2.消化生理胃黏膜璧细胞泌酸泌氢时,H的生成依靠碳酸酐酶的餐后减潮。
3.近端小管上皮含丰富碳酸酐酶,将co2和水生成碳酸——乙酰唑氨
✔️K的重吸收
以近端小管为主(65%-70%)。
髓袢:Na吸收多,水吸收少。降支细段对Na不通透。水盐分离——低渗液。
✔️关于Na的吸收:
降支细段:对Na不通透,对水通透,水被重吸收。整个管子,唯独这里是高渗液——只对水透。生理情况下,不担心Na吸收,担心水吸收,ADH敏感性太高。
生理上ADH敏感性高,病理上ADH强度大。
髓袢升支细段:对水不通透,对Na、Cl通透,Nacl扩散。
髓袢升支粗段:NaCl主要重吸收部位——主动。
Na-k-2Cl同向转运体:进上皮细胞Na、K、2个CL,不中用的na跑到组织间液,CL也跑了,K厉害了旁边顺浓度又来1个 ,上皮细胞就有2个k。膜内正电位。有电位差,正离子经被动转运又被重吸收。
利尿剂:呋塞米,抑制Na-k-2Cl同向转运体。髓袢升支粗段是Nacl的主要重吸收部位,所以该利尿剂能担当速尿之名。
Na-K泵的驱动依赖于Mg,低钾血症先补Mg,输Mg后测尿液的排量,如尿液检测出mg表示机体不缺Mg。补k先补mg,降k先补ca。
远曲小管和集合管
水盐调节:醛固酮调节盐,ADH调节水。
Na多吃多排,少吃少排,不吃不排。
K多吃多排,少吃少排,不吃也排。“一阴一阳”
✔️Na的重吸收
远曲小管始端:逆电-化学梯度(主动转运)Na-Cl同向转运体进入细胞。
远曲小管后端及集合管:有醛固酮敏感的Na通道(生电作用)。na重吸收后小管液呈负电位→Cl被动转运重吸收、K进入小管液的动力。
有主细胞:泌k,闰细胞:泌H。
利尿剂:
1.作用于远曲小管始端,抑制Na-Cl同向转运的氢氯噻嗪。
2.作用于远曲小管后端及集合管,抑制醛固酮,保钾利尿剂——氨氯吡咪、氨苯喋定、螺内酯。对水的重吸收受ADH,以扩充血容量为主。
✔️关于K的重吸收和分泌
既可重吸收又可以分泌K,特别是主细胞。
远曲小管的醛固酮受体有3种情况: 1、螺内酯——抢厕所,竞争性抑制 2、依普利酮——锁厕所,受体拮抗剂 3、阿米洛利——炸厕所,通道拮抗剂
可以思考一下,我们永远面对的是肾血流量变少的问题,高血压肾血流量变少,肾灌注↓原尿↓没有滤过导致致密斑兴奋→激动球旁器、肾素、RAS、醛固酮(保钠保水排钾)。站一会儿,打个架-应急,血浆重新分配。体会,越血液重新分配,肾脏越没有血,就越激动RAS,本来是好事,但一个病人心衰了(淤血),将血憋在肺里打不出去,肾脏血流少,激动RAS→更淤血。总结:心衰患者血容量大(充血性心衰),心衰时肾脏血少——心肾综合征。
急性肾炎通过球旁器激动RAS只是一个错觉,实际上全身有血,只是没有灌进肾脏,它以为血不够。最好的治疗增加肾循环——透析治疗
✔️急性肾炎-大红肾,膜性肾病-大白肾
一.转运的途径:
跨细胞途径——主动;细胞旁途径——被动。
二.重吸收与分泌
1⃣️近端小管-等渗液,重吸收的主要部位。
✔️全部的Glu、70%的水和Nacl、80%Hco3。可以想象如果下面的髓袢看见了糖,那么终末尿就会有糖。糖百分之百在近端小管被重吸收!
✔️定比吸收(球-管平衡永远重吸收原尿的70%
定比重:水盐同步——等渗液!
肾小管坏死肾性肾衰——低渗高Na尿(小米粥)
正常尿液———————八宝粥
如果血液中有多量超过小管极限值的蛋白尿,终尿也可见。所谓的溢出性蛋白尿,超过了肾小管的重吸收值。
✔️关于Na的重吸收:
近端小管前半段:Na-H交换、Na-糖、Na氨基酸同向转运体。Na-H交换使Hco3被重吸收,而CL不被重吸收。
近端小管后半段:Na-H交换体和CL-HCo3交换体,Hco3可以以Co2的形式重新进入细胞——Cl总是落后于Hco3。
⚠️2个Na主动转运在近端小管,1个Na被动在髓袢降支细段,Cl被动转运-细胞旁途径。细胞内glu、氨基酸经载体易化扩散离开上皮细胞。
利尿剂:碳酸酐酶抑制剂-乙酰唑胺,通过抑制Na-H交换,不能分泌H,使Hco3吸收↓——碱化尿液;不能分泌H,抑制钠氢交换,小管液Na多,渗透压高,减少水的重吸收——利尿作用。
✔️关于Hco3的重吸收
以Co2形式重吸收。Na-H交换→H进入小管液→H与Hco3结合→H2co3→Co2和水(单纯扩散进入上皮细胞)→细胞内,在碳酸酐酶的催化下又形成H2co3。
⚠️补充:碳酸酐酶:
1.呼吸系统cl转移,co2以hco3形式在血红蛋白运输由碳酸酐酶在细胞内产生hco3和cl。
2.消化生理胃黏膜璧细胞泌酸泌氢时,H的生成依靠碳酸酐酶的餐后减潮。
3.近端小管上皮含丰富碳酸酐酶,将co2和水生成碳酸——乙酰唑氨
✔️K的重吸收
以近端小管为主(65%-70%)。
髓袢:Na吸收多,水吸收少。降支细段对Na不通透。水盐分离——低渗液。
✔️关于Na的吸收:
降支细段:对Na不通透,对水通透,水被重吸收。整个管子,唯独这里是高渗液——只对水透。生理情况下,不担心Na吸收,担心水吸收,ADH敏感性太高。
生理上ADH敏感性高,病理上ADH强度大。
髓袢升支细段:对水不通透,对Na、Cl通透,Nacl扩散。
髓袢升支粗段:NaCl主要重吸收部位——主动。
Na-k-2Cl同向转运体:进上皮细胞Na、K、2个CL,不中用的na跑到组织间液,CL也跑了,K厉害了旁边顺浓度又来1个 ,上皮细胞就有2个k。膜内正电位。有电位差,正离子经被动转运又被重吸收。
利尿剂:呋塞米,抑制Na-k-2Cl同向转运体。髓袢升支粗段是Nacl的主要重吸收部位,所以该利尿剂能担当速尿之名。
Na-K泵的驱动依赖于Mg,低钾血症先补Mg,输Mg后测尿液的排量,如尿液检测出mg表示机体不缺Mg。补k先补mg,降k先补ca。
远曲小管和集合管
水盐调节:醛固酮调节盐,ADH调节水。
Na多吃多排,少吃少排,不吃不排。
K多吃多排,少吃少排,不吃也排。“一阴一阳”
✔️Na的重吸收
远曲小管始端:逆电-化学梯度(主动转运)Na-Cl同向转运体进入细胞。
远曲小管后端及集合管:有醛固酮敏感的Na通道(生电作用)。na重吸收后小管液呈负电位→Cl被动转运重吸收、K进入小管液的动力。
有主细胞:泌k,闰细胞:泌H。
利尿剂:
1.作用于远曲小管始端,抑制Na-Cl同向转运的氢氯噻嗪。
2.作用于远曲小管后端及集合管,抑制醛固酮,保钾利尿剂——氨氯吡咪、氨苯喋定、螺内酯。对水的重吸收受ADH,以扩充血容量为主。
✔️关于K的重吸收和分泌
既可重吸收又可以分泌K,特别是主细胞。
远曲小管的醛固酮受体有3种情况: 1、螺内酯——抢厕所,竞争性抑制 2、依普利酮——锁厕所,受体拮抗剂 3、阿米洛利——炸厕所,通道拮抗剂
✋热门推荐