随着OFC大会上,关于CPO的一系列新进展发布,最近光模块的CPO概念又开始火起来了(本次OFC大会,国内玩家,比如中际旭创、新易盛、光迅科技等主要集中在LPO、LRO、相干,CPO尚未有报道),很多人心里有开始长草,这里简明扼要通俗讲透。
为持续缩短光与电之间的距离,采用不同的封装技术分类,目前全世界的玩法归纳如下:从上往下,功耗越来越小、带宽密度越来越大,但是工程难度越来越大、成本越来越高、商业成熟时间越来越晚。A型CPO (两寸距离)
这次OFC大会,Intel、Marvell、思科等科技巨头展示的方案,属于A型CPO:这类方案最大的特点是,芯片和光模块都是完全标准化独立的组件,各自重用成熟的产业链,再通过一个高质量的PCB基板共封装。因为光引擎与芯片直接的距离在10厘米内,可以完全舍弃oDSP,功耗大大降低,同时通过硅光技术,实现了高密出纤,带宽密度大幅度提升。
这个技术方案站在成熟光通信产业链的肩膀上,向前迈了一大步,很大程度上解决了当前需求上的痛点(功耗、带宽密度),同时量产难度小,上量快。跟A型CPO比,并没有本质的变化,ASIC和光模块之间还是相对解耦,但是引入了晶圆级的package技术,进一步将两套组件拉进了,距离在几厘米内。博通的另外一个技术创新是引入可更换的激光器光源,提高可靠性。总体上看,属于博通的专有改进吧。以后走chiplet封装技术的CPO,都可以归类到此。C型CPO(毫米级距离):真正的CPO硅光芯片作为一个裸die,与GPU、Lanswitch、HBM等其他裸die一起,封装在一个大的package里面,光通信作为一个紧耦合的部件完全继承到芯片中去了。这是真正的co-package,好处是光引擎与ASIC直接的距离在几毫米,更低的功耗、更高的带宽密度。劣势是成本非常高,可靠性低,工程难度大,短中期内不具备商用的可能。
总结:
1、A型、B型CPO方案,产业链成熟,技术难度小,量产速度快,将率先导入市场;
2、A型、B型CPO,均没有颠覆光通信产业链,光模块还是一个独立的产业,只不过从pluggable模块,转变为硅光模组。
3、不管是A、B、C型,硅光技术是基础,没有硅光芯片技术的玩家,在CPO时代将被淘汰;#侠哥聊股市[超话]##投资##今日看盘#
为持续缩短光与电之间的距离,采用不同的封装技术分类,目前全世界的玩法归纳如下:从上往下,功耗越来越小、带宽密度越来越大,但是工程难度越来越大、成本越来越高、商业成熟时间越来越晚。A型CPO (两寸距离)
这次OFC大会,Intel、Marvell、思科等科技巨头展示的方案,属于A型CPO:这类方案最大的特点是,芯片和光模块都是完全标准化独立的组件,各自重用成熟的产业链,再通过一个高质量的PCB基板共封装。因为光引擎与芯片直接的距离在10厘米内,可以完全舍弃oDSP,功耗大大降低,同时通过硅光技术,实现了高密出纤,带宽密度大幅度提升。
这个技术方案站在成熟光通信产业链的肩膀上,向前迈了一大步,很大程度上解决了当前需求上的痛点(功耗、带宽密度),同时量产难度小,上量快。跟A型CPO比,并没有本质的变化,ASIC和光模块之间还是相对解耦,但是引入了晶圆级的package技术,进一步将两套组件拉进了,距离在几厘米内。博通的另外一个技术创新是引入可更换的激光器光源,提高可靠性。总体上看,属于博通的专有改进吧。以后走chiplet封装技术的CPO,都可以归类到此。C型CPO(毫米级距离):真正的CPO硅光芯片作为一个裸die,与GPU、Lanswitch、HBM等其他裸die一起,封装在一个大的package里面,光通信作为一个紧耦合的部件完全继承到芯片中去了。这是真正的co-package,好处是光引擎与ASIC直接的距离在几毫米,更低的功耗、更高的带宽密度。劣势是成本非常高,可靠性低,工程难度大,短中期内不具备商用的可能。
总结:
1、A型、B型CPO方案,产业链成熟,技术难度小,量产速度快,将率先导入市场;
2、A型、B型CPO,均没有颠覆光通信产业链,光模块还是一个独立的产业,只不过从pluggable模块,转变为硅光模组。
3、不管是A、B、C型,硅光技术是基础,没有硅光芯片技术的玩家,在CPO时代将被淘汰;#侠哥聊股市[超话]##投资##今日看盘#
Shingrix
针对带状疱疹(shingles)可提供至少10年的保护作用。
Shingrix是一种非活重组亚单位佐剂疫苗,分2剂肌肉注射(间隔2个月),适用于50岁及以上成人,预防带状疱疹。在全球范围内,50岁及以上成年人中,超过90%感染了水痘-带状疱疹病毒(varicella-zoster virus,VZV),并有发生带状疱疹的风险。与年龄相关的免疫系统自然衰退可使VZV重新激活,导致带状疱疹。
带状疱疹是由水痘-带状疱疹病毒(varicella-zoster virus,VZV)的重新激活引起的。VZV是引起水痘的同一种病毒,在初次感染后潜伏在人体内。随着年老,免疫系统失去了产生强大有效免疫反应的能力,从而增加了带状疱疹的风险。这种疾病会引起难以忍受的疼痛,在某些情况下,带状疱疹皮疹消退后会持续剧烈疼痛,这种神经痛(称为带状疱疹后神经痛[PHN])会持续数月甚至数年。
Shingrix是一种重组亚单位佐剂疫苗,结合了一种抗原VZV糖蛋白E(gE)和佐剂系统AS01B,能够产生强烈而持久的VZV特异性免疫应答,有助于帮助克服VZV免疫力随年龄增长而下降的问题。Shingrix不适用于预防原发性水痘感染。
Shingrix是第一个被批准用于免疫功能低下人群的带状疱疹疫苗。免疫功能低下的个体比免疫功能正常的个体发生带状疱疹及相关并发症的风险更大。
接种方面,对于50岁及以上免疫功能正常的成年人,Shingrix分2剂接种,间隔2-6个月。然而,对于18岁及以上因已知疾病或治疗而处于或将处于免疫缺陷或免疫抑制的成年人,以及将受益于较短间隔疫苗接种计划的成年人,可在第一剂后1-2个月接种第二剂。
针对带状疱疹(shingles)可提供至少10年的保护作用。
Shingrix是一种非活重组亚单位佐剂疫苗,分2剂肌肉注射(间隔2个月),适用于50岁及以上成人,预防带状疱疹。在全球范围内,50岁及以上成年人中,超过90%感染了水痘-带状疱疹病毒(varicella-zoster virus,VZV),并有发生带状疱疹的风险。与年龄相关的免疫系统自然衰退可使VZV重新激活,导致带状疱疹。
带状疱疹是由水痘-带状疱疹病毒(varicella-zoster virus,VZV)的重新激活引起的。VZV是引起水痘的同一种病毒,在初次感染后潜伏在人体内。随着年老,免疫系统失去了产生强大有效免疫反应的能力,从而增加了带状疱疹的风险。这种疾病会引起难以忍受的疼痛,在某些情况下,带状疱疹皮疹消退后会持续剧烈疼痛,这种神经痛(称为带状疱疹后神经痛[PHN])会持续数月甚至数年。
Shingrix是一种重组亚单位佐剂疫苗,结合了一种抗原VZV糖蛋白E(gE)和佐剂系统AS01B,能够产生强烈而持久的VZV特异性免疫应答,有助于帮助克服VZV免疫力随年龄增长而下降的问题。Shingrix不适用于预防原发性水痘感染。
Shingrix是第一个被批准用于免疫功能低下人群的带状疱疹疫苗。免疫功能低下的个体比免疫功能正常的个体发生带状疱疹及相关并发症的风险更大。
接种方面,对于50岁及以上免疫功能正常的成年人,Shingrix分2剂接种,间隔2-6个月。然而,对于18岁及以上因已知疾病或治疗而处于或将处于免疫缺陷或免疫抑制的成年人,以及将受益于较短间隔疫苗接种计划的成年人,可在第一剂后1-2个月接种第二剂。
青团,是从中国古代寒食节的食品逐渐演变而来的。北宋温革的《琐碎录》中,有“蜀人遇寒食日,采阳桐叶、细冬青染饭,色青而有光”的记录,这说的就是在寒食节用两种树叶将饭染青作为食物。明人郎瑛在《七修类稿》中提到:“古人寒食采桐杨叶,染饭青色以祭,资阳气也。今变而为青白团子,乃此义耳。”
Qingtuan is an evolution from the Chinese Cold Food Festival traditions.
In the book Miscellany of Trifles (Suosui Lu), the Northern Song literati Wen Ge (1006-1076) wrote, “At Cold Food Festival, the people of Shu (present-day Sichuan) pick the leaves of the paulownia and elegance holly to color rice, which becomes dark green in hue and shiny.”
Lang Ying (1487-1566) in his Manuscript in Seven Categories (Qi Xiu Lei Gao), “At Cold Food Festival, the ancients would pluck leaves of the poplar to color rice green which they then used as an offering; it was a source of yang energy. Today that has evolved into dark and light rice balls which serve the same purpose.”
而清明节的前一二日,就是寒食节,这是中国传承了两千多年的传统节日,其起源是为了纪念春秋时期的晋国名士介子推。
China’s Cold Food Festival is a day or two before the Qingming Festival each year. It has been celebrated for over 2,000 years in memory of Jie Zitui, a famous aristocrat of the State of Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC).
春秋时期,晋国内乱,公子重耳流亡在外,其谋士介子推一直忠心追随。后来,重耳成为国君,却未给介子推赏赐。介子推携母隐居绵山。
Civil strife in the State of Jin caused the royal prince Chong’er to flee and go into exile. Even during these hard times, Jie Zitui, one of Chong’er’s advisors, remained his constant loyal follower.
Yet, when after years of wanderings Chong’er returned to Jin and seized the crown, he neglected to acknowledge Jie Zitui’s loyalty, Jie Zitui left with his aged mother to live in seclusion in the Mianshan Mountain.
重耳后来前往绵山寻他,但介子推避而不见。为让介子推现身,重耳下令放火烧山,大火将青山烧成焦土,介子推和老母亲也未出。重耳再命人上山寻找,最终发现介子推与老母亲已被烧死。
Later, Chong’er, with his entourage, personally visited the mountain. In an attempt to find where Jie was, Chong’er ordered fires be set on the mountain but they burned far wider than expected, until what had been a wooded landscape was reduced to charred earth, and still neither Jie Zitui or his mother had emerged. Chong’er issued a further order for men to go into the mountain to find them, and eventually it was confirmed that Jie Zitui and his mother had burned to death.
重耳悲痛不已,下令今后清明节前二日不得烧火做饭。这便是寒食节的由来,这天人们不生火、吃冷食,以示追怀之意。
Chong’er was grief-stricken and ordered that from then on, that day would be remembered as the Cold Food Festival; when this day came round each year, it would be forbidden to light a fire anywhere in the State of Jin. Gradually, the practice has become a custom.
(故事摘录改编自:《上海:兼收并蓄的活力之都》)
(The story are excerpts and adapted from Shanghai:ACharming, All-Embracing Metropolis )
#清明节与寒食节的由来##英语[超话]##读书[超话]##中国传统节日##当英文遇上传统文化#
Qingtuan is an evolution from the Chinese Cold Food Festival traditions.
In the book Miscellany of Trifles (Suosui Lu), the Northern Song literati Wen Ge (1006-1076) wrote, “At Cold Food Festival, the people of Shu (present-day Sichuan) pick the leaves of the paulownia and elegance holly to color rice, which becomes dark green in hue and shiny.”
Lang Ying (1487-1566) in his Manuscript in Seven Categories (Qi Xiu Lei Gao), “At Cold Food Festival, the ancients would pluck leaves of the poplar to color rice green which they then used as an offering; it was a source of yang energy. Today that has evolved into dark and light rice balls which serve the same purpose.”
而清明节的前一二日,就是寒食节,这是中国传承了两千多年的传统节日,其起源是为了纪念春秋时期的晋国名士介子推。
China’s Cold Food Festival is a day or two before the Qingming Festival each year. It has been celebrated for over 2,000 years in memory of Jie Zitui, a famous aristocrat of the State of Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC).
春秋时期,晋国内乱,公子重耳流亡在外,其谋士介子推一直忠心追随。后来,重耳成为国君,却未给介子推赏赐。介子推携母隐居绵山。
Civil strife in the State of Jin caused the royal prince Chong’er to flee and go into exile. Even during these hard times, Jie Zitui, one of Chong’er’s advisors, remained his constant loyal follower.
Yet, when after years of wanderings Chong’er returned to Jin and seized the crown, he neglected to acknowledge Jie Zitui’s loyalty, Jie Zitui left with his aged mother to live in seclusion in the Mianshan Mountain.
重耳后来前往绵山寻他,但介子推避而不见。为让介子推现身,重耳下令放火烧山,大火将青山烧成焦土,介子推和老母亲也未出。重耳再命人上山寻找,最终发现介子推与老母亲已被烧死。
Later, Chong’er, with his entourage, personally visited the mountain. In an attempt to find where Jie was, Chong’er ordered fires be set on the mountain but they burned far wider than expected, until what had been a wooded landscape was reduced to charred earth, and still neither Jie Zitui or his mother had emerged. Chong’er issued a further order for men to go into the mountain to find them, and eventually it was confirmed that Jie Zitui and his mother had burned to death.
重耳悲痛不已,下令今后清明节前二日不得烧火做饭。这便是寒食节的由来,这天人们不生火、吃冷食,以示追怀之意。
Chong’er was grief-stricken and ordered that from then on, that day would be remembered as the Cold Food Festival; when this day came round each year, it would be forbidden to light a fire anywhere in the State of Jin. Gradually, the practice has become a custom.
(故事摘录改编自:《上海:兼收并蓄的活力之都》)
(The story are excerpts and adapted from Shanghai:ACharming, All-Embracing Metropolis )
#清明节与寒食节的由来##英语[超话]##读书[超话]##中国传统节日##当英文遇上传统文化#
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