Photosynthesis
One of the characteristics that distinct plants and animals is photosynthesis, which is process that can produce glucose itself by using CO2 and sunlight. Let's see how this happens.
Light-dependent reaction
During this period, chloraplasts require light energy as we familiar with, at which oxygen and energy are produced.
First, light stimulates photosystem II (PS II), a large complex of proteins and pigments that absorbs light, and the energy is transfered to the chlorophyll called P680 at the center of PSII, boosting an electron to pass to a accepcter molecule. The hydrogen in water molecules provide electrons to replace the one in PSII, leaving oxygen atoms to form oxygen and released. Starts from PSII, the electron travels down the electron transport chain (ETC), lossing some of its energy, and the leaked energy pumps the hydrogen ions from stroma (outside) into thylakoid lamen (inside). The H+ gradient allows H+ to flow back to stroma by passing through ATP synthase and finally binds to ADP to form ATP.
At the same time, the electron continues its trip to PSI and joins the P700 chlorophyll. When light is absorbed by PSI and passed toward P700, the electron will again be boosted and pass along the second ETC to bind with H+ and NADP+ to form NADPH.
Light-independent reaction (Calvin cycle)
It is the period that the chloraplasts do not utilize light and the part that I think is the most difficult one to remember.
There are three steps:
Carbon Fixation
An enzyme nicknamed rubisco (RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase) catalyzes attachment of CO2 to a five-carbon sugar called ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). The resulting 6-carbon molecule is unstable, however, and quickly splits into two molecules of a three-carbon compound called 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). Thus, for each CO2 that enters the cycle, two 3-PGA molecules are produced.
Reduction
First, each molecule of 3-PGA receives a phosphate group from ATP, turning into a doubly phosphorylated molecule called 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (and leaving behind ADP as a by-product).
Second, the 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate molecules are reduced (gain electrons). Each molecule receives two electrons from NADPH and loses one of its phosphate groups, turning into a three-carbon sugar called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). This step produces NADP+ and phosphate (Pi) as by-products.
The ATP and NADPH used in these steps are both products of the light-dependent reactions (the first stage of photosynthesis). That is, the chemical energy of ATP and the reducing power of NADPH, both of which are generated using light energy, keep the Calvin cycle running. Reciprocally, the Calvin cycle regenerates ADP and NADP+, providing the substrates needed by the light-dependent reactions.
Regeneration
Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while others must be recycled to regenerate the RuBP acceptor. Regeneration requires ATP and involves a complex network of reactions.
In order for one G3P to exit the cycle (and go towards glucose synthesis), three CO2 molecules must enter the cycle, providing three new atoms of fixed carbon. When three CO2 molecules enter the cycle, six G3P molecules are made. One exits the cycle and is used to make glucose, while the other five must be recycled to regenerate three molecules of the RuBP acceptor.
One of the characteristics that distinct plants and animals is photosynthesis, which is process that can produce glucose itself by using CO2 and sunlight. Let's see how this happens.
Light-dependent reaction
During this period, chloraplasts require light energy as we familiar with, at which oxygen and energy are produced.
First, light stimulates photosystem II (PS II), a large complex of proteins and pigments that absorbs light, and the energy is transfered to the chlorophyll called P680 at the center of PSII, boosting an electron to pass to a accepcter molecule. The hydrogen in water molecules provide electrons to replace the one in PSII, leaving oxygen atoms to form oxygen and released. Starts from PSII, the electron travels down the electron transport chain (ETC), lossing some of its energy, and the leaked energy pumps the hydrogen ions from stroma (outside) into thylakoid lamen (inside). The H+ gradient allows H+ to flow back to stroma by passing through ATP synthase and finally binds to ADP to form ATP.
At the same time, the electron continues its trip to PSI and joins the P700 chlorophyll. When light is absorbed by PSI and passed toward P700, the electron will again be boosted and pass along the second ETC to bind with H+ and NADP+ to form NADPH.
Light-independent reaction (Calvin cycle)
It is the period that the chloraplasts do not utilize light and the part that I think is the most difficult one to remember.
There are three steps:
Carbon Fixation
An enzyme nicknamed rubisco (RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase) catalyzes attachment of CO2 to a five-carbon sugar called ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). The resulting 6-carbon molecule is unstable, however, and quickly splits into two molecules of a three-carbon compound called 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). Thus, for each CO2 that enters the cycle, two 3-PGA molecules are produced.
Reduction
First, each molecule of 3-PGA receives a phosphate group from ATP, turning into a doubly phosphorylated molecule called 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (and leaving behind ADP as a by-product).
Second, the 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate molecules are reduced (gain electrons). Each molecule receives two electrons from NADPH and loses one of its phosphate groups, turning into a three-carbon sugar called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). This step produces NADP+ and phosphate (Pi) as by-products.
The ATP and NADPH used in these steps are both products of the light-dependent reactions (the first stage of photosynthesis). That is, the chemical energy of ATP and the reducing power of NADPH, both of which are generated using light energy, keep the Calvin cycle running. Reciprocally, the Calvin cycle regenerates ADP and NADP+, providing the substrates needed by the light-dependent reactions.
Regeneration
Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while others must be recycled to regenerate the RuBP acceptor. Regeneration requires ATP and involves a complex network of reactions.
In order for one G3P to exit the cycle (and go towards glucose synthesis), three CO2 molecules must enter the cycle, providing three new atoms of fixed carbon. When three CO2 molecules enter the cycle, six G3P molecules are made. One exits the cycle and is used to make glucose, while the other five must be recycled to regenerate three molecules of the RuBP acceptor.
#我行让我上[超话]##路柏沅0429生日快乐##柏曲含章·2024路柏沅生贺24h#
【柏曲含章】TTC·Road路柏沅0429生贺24h
-初宣-
唯江上清风，山间之明月。
拂云百丈青松柯，纵使秋风无奈何。
任君凭栏，我栖春山。
Let you stand at the failing I rest on the Spring Mountain.
-
原著/《我行让我上》
策划/@Lalunacala-
作者/@酱子贝早点睡
宣图/@_暮往迎朝_
祝路柏沅生日快乐 感谢各位宝宝参与
揪一个宝宝无料纸片 不包车马 https://t.cn/A6TibdRz
【柏曲含章】TTC·Road路柏沅0429生贺24h
-初宣-
唯江上清风，山间之明月。
拂云百丈青松柯，纵使秋风无奈何。
任君凭栏，我栖春山。
Let you stand at the failing I rest on the Spring Mountain.
-
原著/《我行让我上》
策划/@Lalunacala-
作者/@酱子贝早点睡
宣图/@_暮往迎朝_
祝路柏沅生日快乐 感谢各位宝宝参与
揪一个宝宝无料纸片 不包车马 https://t.cn/A6TibdRz
#穿成阴鸷反派的联姻对象广播剧##恋爱者-TA.mbti##白翎##大C##DJayHo#
恋爱者-TA.mbti(广播剧《穿成阴鸷反派的联姻对象》第一季主题曲)
演唱：白翎&大C
作词：龙小套&DJayHo
作曲：DJayHo
编曲：DJayHo
和声编写：DJayHo
和声：白翎&大C
录音&混音&母带：DJayHo
工程：DJayHo
录音室：Rainkin ACM Studios
制作人：DJayHo
监制：杨铁锤
出品：猫耳FM
歌名题字：阿予(CHRiiiiiiSSIE)
封面设计：一勺酸橙汁
2024年3月30日 发行
白翎：
睁开双眼如何接手这剧本
阴晴不定不理不睬你冷漠口吻
按捺下全部疑问Maybe (大C：按捺下全部疑问 Maybe)
我的角色戏份Baby (大C：我的角色戏份 Baby)
白翎：
是真情 (大C：或假意) 别追问 嘘
大C：
分析梳理一言一行和特征
白翎：
教练学长老师医生任意身份
跟随我的笔划决意改写这人生
大C：
Oh S◆h◆i◆t 后知后觉已入戏太深
白翎：
Oh 微醺眼神 不自觉丢失分寸
随气温攀升烙印颈间的吻痕
大C：
当云海翻腾相拥一瞬
爱的本能也因为你而重生
白翎：
是否已默认清醒中沉沦
于是我放任
合：
让故事发生
白翎：
I can’t stop thinking about you everywhere (大C：I'm loving you)
如同光芒照进心间每一寸 (大C：Let me close to you)
像自然发生不经意退让的标准 (大C：不经意退让的标准)
世界颠覆如新生 (大C：世界颠覆如新生)
白翎：
Oh 微醺眼神 不自觉失了分寸
随气温攀升遗落颈间的吻痕
大C：
当云海翻腾相拥一瞬
爱的本能也因为你而重生
白翎：
是否已默认清醒的沉沦
于是我放任
大C：
Baby give me give me give me a kiss (白翎：让故事发生)
白翎：
生命与爱如此鲜明 (白翎：于是我放任)
大C：
因你枷锁一一褪去 (白翎：让故事发生)
白翎：
Oh 每个结局 都灿烂肆意 Yeah
合：
他微醺眼神 (大C：失陷他微醺眼神)
不自觉丢失分寸 (大C：丢失了分寸)
随气温攀升烙印颈间的吻痕 (大C：烙印颈间的吻痕)
大C：
当云海翻腾相拥一瞬
爱的本能也因为你而重生
白翎：
是否已默认清醒中沉沦
于是我放任
大C：
我奋不顾身 Yeah
https://t.cn/A6TcqNUw
恋爱者-TA.mbti(广播剧《穿成阴鸷反派的联姻对象》第一季主题曲)
演唱：白翎&大C
作词：龙小套&DJayHo
作曲：DJayHo
编曲：DJayHo
和声编写：DJayHo
和声：白翎&大C
录音&混音&母带：DJayHo
工程：DJayHo
录音室：Rainkin ACM Studios
制作人：DJayHo
监制：杨铁锤
出品：猫耳FM
歌名题字：阿予(CHRiiiiiiSSIE)
封面设计：一勺酸橙汁
2024年3月30日 发行
白翎：
睁开双眼如何接手这剧本
阴晴不定不理不睬你冷漠口吻
按捺下全部疑问Maybe (大C：按捺下全部疑问 Maybe)
我的角色戏份Baby (大C：我的角色戏份 Baby)
白翎：
是真情 (大C：或假意) 别追问 嘘
大C：
分析梳理一言一行和特征
白翎：
教练学长老师医生任意身份
跟随我的笔划决意改写这人生
大C：
Oh S◆h◆i◆t 后知后觉已入戏太深
白翎：
Oh 微醺眼神 不自觉丢失分寸
随气温攀升烙印颈间的吻痕
大C：
当云海翻腾相拥一瞬
爱的本能也因为你而重生
白翎：
是否已默认清醒中沉沦
于是我放任
合：
让故事发生
白翎：
I can’t stop thinking about you everywhere (大C：I'm loving you)
如同光芒照进心间每一寸 (大C：Let me close to you)
像自然发生不经意退让的标准 (大C：不经意退让的标准)
世界颠覆如新生 (大C：世界颠覆如新生)
白翎：
Oh 微醺眼神 不自觉失了分寸
随气温攀升遗落颈间的吻痕
大C：
当云海翻腾相拥一瞬
爱的本能也因为你而重生
白翎：
是否已默认清醒的沉沦
于是我放任
大C：
Baby give me give me give me a kiss (白翎：让故事发生)
白翎：
生命与爱如此鲜明 (白翎：于是我放任)
大C：
因你枷锁一一褪去 (白翎：让故事发生)
白翎：
Oh 每个结局 都灿烂肆意 Yeah
合：
他微醺眼神 (大C：失陷他微醺眼神)
不自觉丢失分寸 (大C：丢失了分寸)
随气温攀升烙印颈间的吻痕 (大C：烙印颈间的吻痕)
大C：
当云海翻腾相拥一瞬
爱的本能也因为你而重生
白翎：
是否已默认清醒中沉沦
于是我放任
大C：
我奋不顾身 Yeah
https://t.cn/A6TcqNUw
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