英语machine，源自法语machine、拉丁语māchina、希腊语μηχανή“装置，结构，（攻城）机械，计划” 。它的含义可大致分为四类（图1）：
I.可以独立运作的结构，尤指社会、世界、宇宙、生物体、人体。OED似乎认为，笛卡尔的“动物是机器”（animal machine）用的也是这个词义！*
II.设计出来的结构，包括攻城机械和机械降神。由此引申为文学作品里的超自然存在，或是追求戏剧效果的文学手段。托尔金笔下的“机械”，经常带有这类含义。
III.交通工具，包括船舶和马车、自行车等有轮子的东西。维多利亚时代洗海水浴用的bathing-machine（图3），用的其实是这个词义。
IV.这个出现最晚的义项，才是我们熟悉的machine/机器的现代含义：“代替人工的力学装置”。
在20世纪之前，machine的前三类含义十分常见。法语等欧洲语言中的相关词汇，可能也经历过类似的语义演变。阅读早期作品时，宜仔细辨析词义。
*看到“生物体”这个义项，我第一反应就是，该不会我们对笛卡尔机械论的理解都被古今异义误导了吧……不过查了下《方法论》，他确实用了自动机械的比喻（图4）。而“机械论”原文则是没什么歧义的mechanism
I.可以独立运作的结构，尤指社会、世界、宇宙、生物体、人体。OED似乎认为，笛卡尔的“动物是机器”（animal machine）用的也是这个词义！*
II.设计出来的结构，包括攻城机械和机械降神。由此引申为文学作品里的超自然存在，或是追求戏剧效果的文学手段。托尔金笔下的“机械”，经常带有这类含义。
III.交通工具，包括船舶和马车、自行车等有轮子的东西。维多利亚时代洗海水浴用的bathing-machine（图3），用的其实是这个词义。
IV.这个出现最晚的义项，才是我们熟悉的machine/机器的现代含义：“代替人工的力学装置”。
在20世纪之前，machine的前三类含义十分常见。法语等欧洲语言中的相关词汇，可能也经历过类似的语义演变。阅读早期作品时，宜仔细辨析词义。
*看到“生物体”这个义项，我第一反应就是，该不会我们对笛卡尔机械论的理解都被古今异义误导了吧……不过查了下《方法论》，他确实用了自动机械的比喻（图4）。而“机械论”原文则是没什么歧义的mechanism
~how i’m feeling~ 发行四年
Happy FOUR YEARS to ~how i’m feeling~ THE ALBUM that I put out right before covid and I shut the whole world down w Modern Loneliness (I’m part of the scheme) no jk I just wanna say I fckn love u guys and whoa I just can’t imagine 4 years has passed, and songs like IM SO TIRED n FCK IM LONELY I never would imagined happening but that’s kinda like how this next whole album is happening…I’m just going in and creating songs I love n being really honest about my life and my feelings (even when they might b inconvenient…) I love you guys very very much and I can’t wait to share all this next music w yall - 4 now, ENJOY HIF TODAY AND ALWAYS x ❤️❤️❤️♥️❣️
#Lauv[超话]#
Happy FOUR YEARS to ~how i’m feeling~ THE ALBUM that I put out right before covid and I shut the whole world down w Modern Loneliness (I’m part of the scheme) no jk I just wanna say I fckn love u guys and whoa I just can’t imagine 4 years has passed, and songs like IM SO TIRED n FCK IM LONELY I never would imagined happening but that’s kinda like how this next whole album is happening…I’m just going in and creating songs I love n being really honest about my life and my feelings (even when they might b inconvenient…) I love you guys very very much and I can’t wait to share all this next music w yall - 4 now, ENJOY HIF TODAY AND ALWAYS x ❤️❤️❤️♥️❣️
#Lauv[超话]#
#漓江书院春日阅读计划#
3.7 打卡第七天
《莫里斯》 E.M.福斯特
Maurice bore down on him. He escaped: they dodged round the big chair, arguing for the key in whispers.
They touched with hostility, then parted for ever, the key falling between them.
"Clive, did I hurt you?"
"No."
"My darling, I didn't mean to."
"I'm all right."
They looked at one another for a moment before beginning new lives. "What an ending," he sobbed, "what an ending."
"I do rather love her," said Clive, very pale.
"What's going to happen?" said Maurice, sitting down and wiping his mouth. "Arrange . . . I'm done for."
3.7 打卡第七天
《莫里斯》 E.M.福斯特
Maurice bore down on him. He escaped: they dodged round the big chair, arguing for the key in whispers.
They touched with hostility, then parted for ever, the key falling between them.
"Clive, did I hurt you?"
"No."
"My darling, I didn't mean to."
"I'm all right."
They looked at one another for a moment before beginning new lives. "What an ending," he sobbed, "what an ending."
"I do rather love her," said Clive, very pale.
"What's going to happen?" said Maurice, sitting down and wiping his mouth. "Arrange . . . I'm done for."
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