盐类水解的应用

1．配制能水解的强酸弱碱盐，一般先将盐溶于相对应的酸中，然后加水稀释至刻度，即可制备要配制的浓度。如配制FeCl3溶液：先将FeCl3溶于稀盐酸，再加水冲稀至所需浓度。配制强碱弱酸盐的水溶液，应加入少量相对应的强碱，抑制弱酸酸根的水解。如配制硫化钠的水溶液时，应先滴入几滴氢氧化钠，再加水冲稀至所需浓度。

2．某些活泼金属与强酸弱碱盐反应 Mg放入NH4Cl、CuCl2、FeCl3溶液中产生氢气。

3．明矾、三氯化铁等净水 原因：胶体吸附性强，可起净水作用。

4．苏打洗涤去油污 如果加热，会促进碳酸根的水解，碱性增强，去油污能力增强。

5．泡沫灭火器原理成分：NaHCO3、Al2(SO4)3NaHCO3水解：HCO3―+H2OH2CO3+OH―碱性Al2(SO4)3水解：Al3++3H2OAl(OH)3+3H+酸性原理：当两盐混合时，氢离子与氢氧根离子结合生成水，双方相互促进水解：Al3++3HCO3―＝Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑

6．施用化肥普钙[Ca(H2PO4)2]、铵态氮肥不能与草木灰（K2CO3）混用原因：K2CO3水解显碱性：CO32―+H2OHCO3―+OH―3Ca(H2PO4)2+12OH―＝Ca3(PO4)2↓+12H2O+4PO43―NH4++OH－＝NH3↑+H2O  降低肥效

7．判断物质水溶液的酸碱性的大小。（1）相同物质的量浓度的物质的溶液pH由大到小的判断：相同阳离子时，阴离子对应的酸的酸性越弱，盐越易水解，pH越大；相同阴离子时，阳离子对应的碱的碱性越弱，盐越易水解，pH越小。如Na2SiO3、Na2CO3、NaHCO3、NaCl、NH4Cl，pH越来越小。（2）用于检验溶液，如用最简便的方法区别NaCl、NH4Cl、Na2CO3三种无色透明溶液：用pH试纸鉴别，pH=7的是NaCl溶液，pH＜7的是NH4Cl溶液，pH＞7的是Na2CO3溶液。

8．判断离子能否共存。弱碱的金属阳离子（如Al3+、Cu2+、Fe3+等）与弱酸的阴离子（如HCO3―、CO32―、SiO32―、AlO2―、F―等）在溶液中不能同时大量共存。因为两种离子都水解，分别与水电离出的OH―和H+结合，结果互相促进水解，使两种离子都减少。

9．中和滴定时指示剂的选择。若用强碱滴定弱酸，反应达到终点后，因生成强碱弱酸盐，溶液显碱性，所以应选用在碱性范围内变色的指示剂，通常选取酚酞。若用强酸滴定弱碱，反应达到终点后，因生成强酸弱碱盐，溶液显酸性，所以应选用在酸性范围内变色的指示剂，通常选取甲基橙。 

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