inundate淹没泛滥(by floods)
poach水煮/非法猎取
equilibrium平衡 metabolism新陈代谢 deadlock不是死而是僵局
vanguard小卫士=pioneer前锋先驱
genteel有教养的—gentility文雅有教养，上流阶层——genial脾气好的
composure镇定 com'posite合成(的)
overt明显的-evince明显表明
be resigned to sth.对...放弃挣扎的
lush flax-flak高射炮谴责——deplore-implore恳求 三个同义词[吃瓜]cape(海岬)-cloak(尤指旧时★哈2出现过这个词)-mantle披风(地幔)
pamper纵容娇惯—hamper阻碍—tamper篡改—pauper穷人[思考]
insolent傲慢无礼的-indolent懒洋洋的-redolent=aromatic芬芳的
poach水煮/非法猎取
equilibrium平衡 metabolism新陈代谢 deadlock不是死而是僵局
vanguard小卫士=pioneer前锋先驱
genteel有教养的—gentility文雅有教养，上流阶层——genial脾气好的
composure镇定 com'posite合成(的)
overt明显的-evince明显表明
be resigned to sth.对...放弃挣扎的
lush flax-flak高射炮谴责——deplore-implore恳求 三个同义词[吃瓜]cape(海岬)-cloak(尤指旧时★哈2出现过这个词)-mantle披风(地幔)
pamper纵容娇惯—hamper阻碍—tamper篡改—pauper穷人[思考]
insolent傲慢无礼的-indolent懒洋洋的-redolent=aromatic芬芳的
#纪录片不完全标记#
【国宝银行：小可入狱】
如片中讲的，种族歧视分为两种，一种overt racism（明显的种族歧视）；另一种是covert racism（隐晦的种族歧视）。在这个事件中确实有“捡软柿子捏”之嫌，因此如何理性应对并用美国司法来自证清白，片子呈现了这个过程。不得不说法律体系是完整的，采用了卡通画和配音的方式原被告双方基于事实逻辑的层层深入，以及时刻保证陪审团的态度，对于各方的呈现都做的很公平。
尽管孙家最后赢得了官司，甚至于能够付出五年与一千万美金的代价。但能明显看出，在这个事件及其所属的华人社区，仍是弱势群体的存在。我喜欢片中的孙家，四位女儿决定用自己的专业知识保护这个家庭，理性与能力帮了很大的忙。无论是ABC也好，移民也罢，中国文化始终根深蒂固，承认它并运用它绝对是对生活有益的事。
【国宝银行：小可入狱】
如片中讲的，种族歧视分为两种，一种overt racism（明显的种族歧视）；另一种是covert racism（隐晦的种族歧视）。在这个事件中确实有“捡软柿子捏”之嫌，因此如何理性应对并用美国司法来自证清白，片子呈现了这个过程。不得不说法律体系是完整的，采用了卡通画和配音的方式原被告双方基于事实逻辑的层层深入，以及时刻保证陪审团的态度，对于各方的呈现都做的很公平。
尽管孙家最后赢得了官司，甚至于能够付出五年与一千万美金的代价。但能明显看出，在这个事件及其所属的华人社区，仍是弱势群体的存在。我喜欢片中的孙家，四位女儿决定用自己的专业知识保护这个家庭，理性与能力帮了很大的忙。无论是ABC也好，移民也罢，中国文化始终根深蒂固，承认它并运用它绝对是对生活有益的事。
期刊 | 作者掠影 - 张宁教授
张宁，形式句法学家。中正大学讲座教授，上海外国语大学及多伦多大学博士。曾出版关于并列结构及汉语名量词的专书。除存现句外，近期发表的期刊论文详细论证了[很]如何投射程度短语，定语如何移至名词短语的左缘，事件量词如何在事件内及事件外计量，重叠式如何表达个体及动作的复数，非典型宾语如何对事件分类，以及汉语如何表达非限定句及不定冠词。
Niina Ning Zhang is a formal syntactician and Chair Professor at the National Chung Cheng University. She obtained her doctoral degrees from the International Shanghai University and from University of Toronto. She has published books on classifier structures in Mandarin and coordination. In addition to the appearance and existence constructions, she has also published journal papers on topics such as, how the word hen ‘very’ projects DegP, how attributives move to the left-edge of a DP, how event classifiers are used in event-internal and event-external counting, how reduplication expresses individual and event plurality, how non-canonical objects encode event-kinds, and how nonfinite clauses and indefinite articles are attested in Mandarin Chinese.
张宁教授的论文“存现于汉语”刊载于最新一期《中国语文研究》（Studies in Chinese Linguistics，ISSN 1017-1274） 内，以下为其文章提要。
--------
存现于汉语
提要
汉语的存现句以方位短语开头，然后是动词，并以名词短语结尾。整个句式的意思着眼于名词短语的所指存在于方位短语所表示的位置。本文支持存现句的主语是方位短语的论点，提出谓语的中心是零形式，结尾的名词短语是这个零形式的补语。而动词则处于这个主谓关系之外的修饰语中。本文还分析了存现句中的动词如何与这个主谓关系共享论元。本文还从抽象格方面解释了存现句中的动词为什么没有施事论元。指出在抽象格方面，汉语与英语等其他语言有共性。本文还论证了存现句中动词后的“着”可以是一个着面成分，不一定是时体标记。
关键词
存现句，方位短语，论元共享，施事论元，抽象格，着面成分
Appearance and Existence in Mandarin Chinese
Abstract
In Mandarin Chinese, the string of three overt elements in a row, a locative, a verb, and a nominal, asserts the existence of the entity denoted by the nominal in the location. This paper argues that the verb is contained in an adjunct, whereas the locative in its base position and the nominal establish a matrix predication relation. Thus, instead of the overt verb, the head of the matrix predicate of the construction is null. Moreover, a new analysis is provided to explain the obligatory argument sharing between the verb and the matrix predication of the construction. Furthermore, the paper argues that the agent of a transitive verb in certain types of embedded clauses needs to be Case-licensed by either the v of the selecting verb, as in an ECM construction, or a local c-commanding functional element, such as a complementizer, as in the English infinitive for construction. This Case-licensing explains why the transitive verb in the string has no agent. The research shows that the syntactic strategies to license abstract Cases in Chinese are similar to the ones found in other languages. Finally, the paper argues that the post-verbal -zhe is an adessive marker when it occurs in a non-progressive context.
Keywords
existential, locative, argument sharing, agent, abstract Case, adessive Studies
--------
Studies in Chinese Linguistics (SCL) 《中国语文研究》第40卷第2期也刊载了另外两篇文章，读者可在https://t.cn/A677FiXv免费下载阅读。
1. Haiyong Liu: Why Plurality of the Possessor Matters in Mandarin Chinese Inalienable Possession
刘海咏：为什么中文亲属所有结构的所有者的单复数很重要
2. Jiaying Huang, Caterina Donati: Subject-Object Asymmetry in the Production of Relative Clauses in Cantonese
黄嘉颖、Caterina Donati：对粤语主宾关系从句产出的不对称性研究
张宁，形式句法学家。中正大学讲座教授，上海外国语大学及多伦多大学博士。曾出版关于并列结构及汉语名量词的专书。除存现句外，近期发表的期刊论文详细论证了[很]如何投射程度短语，定语如何移至名词短语的左缘，事件量词如何在事件内及事件外计量，重叠式如何表达个体及动作的复数，非典型宾语如何对事件分类，以及汉语如何表达非限定句及不定冠词。
Niina Ning Zhang is a formal syntactician and Chair Professor at the National Chung Cheng University. She obtained her doctoral degrees from the International Shanghai University and from University of Toronto. She has published books on classifier structures in Mandarin and coordination. In addition to the appearance and existence constructions, she has also published journal papers on topics such as, how the word hen ‘very’ projects DegP, how attributives move to the left-edge of a DP, how event classifiers are used in event-internal and event-external counting, how reduplication expresses individual and event plurality, how non-canonical objects encode event-kinds, and how nonfinite clauses and indefinite articles are attested in Mandarin Chinese.
张宁教授的论文“存现于汉语”刊载于最新一期《中国语文研究》（Studies in Chinese Linguistics，ISSN 1017-1274） 内，以下为其文章提要。
--------
存现于汉语
提要
汉语的存现句以方位短语开头，然后是动词，并以名词短语结尾。整个句式的意思着眼于名词短语的所指存在于方位短语所表示的位置。本文支持存现句的主语是方位短语的论点，提出谓语的中心是零形式，结尾的名词短语是这个零形式的补语。而动词则处于这个主谓关系之外的修饰语中。本文还分析了存现句中的动词如何与这个主谓关系共享论元。本文还从抽象格方面解释了存现句中的动词为什么没有施事论元。指出在抽象格方面，汉语与英语等其他语言有共性。本文还论证了存现句中动词后的“着”可以是一个着面成分，不一定是时体标记。
关键词
存现句，方位短语，论元共享，施事论元，抽象格，着面成分
Appearance and Existence in Mandarin Chinese
Abstract
In Mandarin Chinese, the string of three overt elements in a row, a locative, a verb, and a nominal, asserts the existence of the entity denoted by the nominal in the location. This paper argues that the verb is contained in an adjunct, whereas the locative in its base position and the nominal establish a matrix predication relation. Thus, instead of the overt verb, the head of the matrix predicate of the construction is null. Moreover, a new analysis is provided to explain the obligatory argument sharing between the verb and the matrix predication of the construction. Furthermore, the paper argues that the agent of a transitive verb in certain types of embedded clauses needs to be Case-licensed by either the v of the selecting verb, as in an ECM construction, or a local c-commanding functional element, such as a complementizer, as in the English infinitive for construction. This Case-licensing explains why the transitive verb in the string has no agent. The research shows that the syntactic strategies to license abstract Cases in Chinese are similar to the ones found in other languages. Finally, the paper argues that the post-verbal -zhe is an adessive marker when it occurs in a non-progressive context.
Keywords
existential, locative, argument sharing, agent, abstract Case, adessive Studies
--------
Studies in Chinese Linguistics (SCL) 《中国语文研究》第40卷第2期也刊载了另外两篇文章，读者可在https://t.cn/A677FiXv免费下载阅读。
1. Haiyong Liu: Why Plurality of the Possessor Matters in Mandarin Chinese Inalienable Possession
刘海咏：为什么中文亲属所有结构的所有者的单复数很重要
2. Jiaying Huang, Caterina Donati: Subject-Object Asymmetry in the Production of Relative Clauses in Cantonese
黄嘉颖、Caterina Donati：对粤语主宾关系从句产出的不对称性研究
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